Introduction

Ruwanweli Maha Seya is a majestic stupa in the heart of Anuradhapura, the ancient capital of Sri lanka. This is also known as the Great Stupa or Ruwanweliseya. This colossal monument is a living symbol of the Buddhist faith and also a testament for architectural prowess of ancient Sri Lankans and also a proof of great cultural heritage. This distinctive bell shaped monument is one of the world’s largest and oldest stupa and this grandeur combies with its intangible value, attract visitors across many ages and from numerous places, both foreign and local.

Historical Background

Sacred Site

According to Mahavamsa, Buddha himself has sanctified Ruwanweli Maha Seya during his third visit to Sri Lanka. This was established where the Buddha had meditated. It is believed that where Buddha has meditated a Bo tree was planted and there, the Ruwanweli Maha Seya was established. This connection makes the Ruwanweli Maha Seya one of the Solosmasthana (Sixteen Sacred Sites) and one of the Atamasthana (Eight Sacred Sites) in Anuradhapura.

Foundation and Construction

The construction of Ruwanweli Maha Seya began in 161 BCE under the reign of King Dutugemunu (reigned from137 BCE-119 BCE). He vowed to make this great stupa when he defeated Elara, the South Indian invader. The place had been selected by mahinda Thero and King Devanampiyathissa had planted a huge stone to mark the place. 

They planned to build a monument that would last for years. Legend has it that Arahant Indagutta, a Buddhist monk with supernatural powers, supervised the work throughout. The original Stupa was about 180 feet (55 meters) in height, and renovated by many kings since then. The height of the current Stupa is 350 feet (107 meters) in height and 300 feet (92 meters) in diameter.

Architectural Marvel

Design and Structure

Except for the religious, cultural and historical significance, Ruwanweli Maha Seya is renowned for its architectural significance. The overall shape of the Stupa is the classic bell shape which is the characteristic shape of Sri Lankan Buddhists monuments. The key elements to pay a special attention are,

1. Vahalkada (Frontispiece): These are decorative structures at the four cardinal points, adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.
2. Hatares Kotuwa: A square terrace at the base of the dome.
3. Dome: The massive hemispherical structure that forms the main body of the stupa.
4. Devatha Kotuwa: A square chamber above the dome, believed to house relics.
5. Hataras Pas: The conical spire at the top, crowned with a crystal pinnacle.

Construction Techniques

The construction techniques of Ruwanweli Maha seya are mentioned in a detailed manner in Mahavamsa and it provides a descriptive information about foundation preparation.These are living proof to skilled engineering abilities and knowledge of ancient Sri Lankans.

1. The ground was dug to a depth of seven cubits.
2. A foundation of round stones was laid and crushed with hammers.
3. The crushed stones were stamped down by great elephants whose feet were bound with leather.
4. A special type of clay called “butter-clay” was brought from specific locations.
5. Layers of materials were laid, including bricks, cement, cinnabar, iron networks, sweet-scented marumba, mountain crystal, and stones.
6. Resin and arsenic solutions were used to lay sheets of copper and silver.

These attributes have ensured the long life of the Stupa allowing it to stand for many years and many more years to come.

Religious Significance

Sacred Relics

Ruwanweli Maha Seya houses the largest collection of Buddha’s relics (including Buddha’s corporeal relics, collar bone etc) on the island, making it one of the most respected and venerated Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka. 

Pilgrimage Site

For many years, Ruwanweli Maha Seya has been a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists across the world. Devotees worship the stupa, offer flowers and incense and engage in meditation and prayers in this site and believe this is a place filled with blessings. Full moon days which are introduced as Poya days are significant for Buddhists and this place is filled with devotees that day more than usual.

Historical Renovations and Embellishments

Ruwanweli Maha Seya has a long history. Throughout this history it underwent several renovations and embellishments as follows,

1. King Dutugemunu who started with constructing it didn’t live to see the completion of this massive stupa. On his deathbed he wanted to see the stupa, and his brother covered the whole dome in white cloth and constructed the upper portion in bamboo painted to imitate gold.
2. Brother of King Dutugemunu, King Saddhatissa completed the spire, plastered the whole structure, and painted it. He also built a wall around Salapathala Maluwa decorated with 400 elephants, 100 on each side.
3. King Bhathika Tissa (140-164 CE) made several honorable and notable offerings:
   • Covered the stupa from pedestal to pinnacle with fragrant garlands.
   • Painted the entire stupa with vermilion, making it look like a bouquet of flowers.
   • Covered the stupa with flowers and poured water from Abhaya Wewa over it using machinery.
4. King Gajabahu I did restoration work in the 2nd century CE.
5. King Parakramabahu I did extensive repairs in the 12th century.This was the last recorded major repair for over 800 years.
6. In the early 20th century, a major renovation project was initiated by the Venerable Naranvita Sumanasara Thero.

Cultural Impact and Legacy

Ruwanweli Maha Seya is such a special place in Sri Lanka that announces the prominence of Sri Lankan culture and religious prominence. It isn’t just a religious monument, but also a symbol of national pride and historical identity. The stupa is avital symbol in Buddhist literature, art, currency notes and this aspect highlights the cultural significance of Stupa to Sri Lanka. And what is also very important is that it also serves as a major tourist attraction to both foreign and local tourists.

Visitor Information

Location and Access

Ruwanweli Maha Seya is located in the sacred city of Anuradhapura, North Central Province of Sri Lanka, approximately 205 kilometers (127 miles) north of Colombo. Access options include:

• By road: About a 4-5 hour drive from Colombo
• By train: Regular services from Colombo to Anuradhapura
• By air: Domestic flights to Anuradhapura Airport

Visiting Hours and Etiquette

The stupa is open to visitors throughout the day.If you want to avoid the heat, it is better to visit during the early morning or late afternoon. Visitors should observe the following etiquette:

• Dress modestly, covering shoulders and knees since it is a sacred place.
• Remove shoes before entering the sacred area as Buddhists believe it is disrespectful to wear footwears to a sacred place.
• Avoid pointing feet towards the stupa, because this is considered disrespectful.

Nearby Attractions

Ruwanweli Maha Seya is part of the larger Anuradhapura archaeological complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other notable attractions in the vicinity include:

• Sri Maha Bodhi: The sacred fig tree, believed to be the oldest historically authenticated tree in the world
• Jetavanaramaya: Another massive stupa with historical significance
• Thuparamaya: The first stupa built in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism
• Isurumuniya: An ancient rock temple famous for its stone carvings

Conclusion

Ruwanweli Maha Seya stands as a great achievement of ancient Sri Lankan civilization, a testament to the country’s rich Buddhist heritage, and a symbol of national identity. Its massive dome symbolizes the pride of Sri Lankans standing in Anuradhapura. This is famous to have  inspired awe and reverence in visitors from around the world. Moreover,this can also be introduced as the testament of the greatest Buddhist faith symbolizing the greatness in architecture and masterminds of ancient Sri Lankan. The artistic effect this has achieved is remarkable as well. 

Whether you are a pilgrim seeking spiritual solace, or a history enthusiast exploring the cultural aspect of Sri Lanka, this is the perfect place to visit to have everlasting memories in your heart and knowledge in your mind. I assure you this is going to be a remarkable experience in your life. When you stand in front of this majestic monument you will have a time travel back to many years and return to the present attaching many threads along the way.This is why you must visit this amazing place.